Washington,
D.C.----By harnessing an innovative mix of tools and approaches,
governments can strengthen the economies of urban areas and improve their
overall livability, according to research presented in the Worldwatch
Institute's State of the World 2012: Moving Toward Sustainable
Prosperity. Today, nearly 1 billion of the world's poor live in urban areas
that are dangerously overcrowded and lack adequate access to basic sanitation
and clean water, with wide-ranging health and environmental impacts. But even in
wealthier countries, governments face serious challenges in making their cities
more inclusive, sustainable, and livable.
In 2010, informal urban
settlements, known more commonly as "slums," housed approximately one-third of
the urban population of developing countries. "Slum populations are often viewed
as an eyesore, but few realize that the urban poor are at the core of a city's
economy, accounting for a large share of employment and performing essential
functions for the city," said Eric Belsky, Managing Director of Harvard
University's Joint Center for Housing Studies and State of the World
2012 contributing author.
In his chapter, "Planning
for Inclusive and Sustainable Urban Development," Belsky calls for a
new paradigm for urban planning that utilizes all levels of
government to promote more livable, environmentally sensitive, economically
competitive, and socially inclusive cities. Although there are formidable
barriers to inclusive and sustainable development, several bold steps, such as
the creation of National Urban Sustainable Planning Commission, national
incentive funds, and international academic collaboration on urban planning, can
be taken to overcome these challenges. "With
deliberate spatial planning, we can mitigate the environmental and health risks
of slum dwellers, as well as harness their potential to contribute to economic
growth and move out of poverty."
In the United States,
meanwhile, more than 200 cities have developed plans for improving economic,
environmental, and social sustainability, but few have established specific
metrics to monitor their progress. A national indicator system would help cities
more uniformly measure their success in moving toward sustainable development,
according to the University of Pennsylvania's Eugenie Birch and Amy Lynch,
co-authors of "Measuring U.S. Sustainable Urban Development" in State of the
World 2012.
Using indicators to monitor
sustainable development of urban areas has long been on the global agenda:
Agenda 21, developed at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, specifically called
for the development of such benchmarks. In their chapter, Birch and Lynch
provide three steps to develop a national indicator system that will help U.S.
cities achieve sustainability:
Start with a vision.
Until 2009, when the government created the Partnership for
Sustainable Communities, the United States did not have a national sustainable
development agenda, much less national standards. To fill this void, the
Partnership crafted and released the Livability Principles, six statements that
express what is needed to create liveable communities nationwide, including
affordable housing and a better mix of transportation options.
Use what already
exists.The lack of standardized national indicators in the
United States is due not to a dearth of developed indicators, but to a failure
to align local efforts with the national vision. Effective local initiatives
include the STAR Community Index, created in cooperation with numerous national
organizations, including the U.S. Green Building Council. Based on 81 goals, the
index helps local governments manage their sustainability performance and
encompasses broad themes of environment, society, and economy, but it fails to
relate directly to any national policy. Other indicator systems in use include
Philadelphia's Greenworks 2009 plan, the U.S. Office of Management and
Budget's 62 published economic and social indicators, and the Green City
Index.
Create a national
indicator database. As effective indicators are identified,
they should be assessed and culminated into a national monitoring system. In
2010, the American Planning Association and the University of Pennsylvania's
Institute of Urban Research identified and analyzed 22 existing indicator
systems with the aim of creating a Sustainable Urban Development Indicator
Database. Out of the 22 systems, 145 achievable and measurable indicators were
identified, with the aim of ultimately developing a national indicator
database.
With effective roadmaps and
political will, governments can advance the goals of sustainability, inclusion,
and poverty alleviation through improved urban planning to create healthier,
livable cities.
Worldwatch's
State of the World 2012, released in April 2012, focuses on the themes
of inclusive sustainable development discussed at Rio+20, the 20-year follow-up
to the historic Earth Summit of 1992, also held in Rio de Janeiro. The report
presents a selection of innovative ideas and practices to achieve global
environmental sustainability while meeting human needs and providing jobs and
ensuring dignity for all.
